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Alchemical studies produced a number of substances, which were later classified as particular chemical compounds or mixtures of compounds. Many of these terms were in common use into the 20th century. * Aqua Fortis – nitric acid, can be formed by 2 parts saltpetre in 1 part (pure) oil of vitriol (sulfuric acid). (Historically, this process could not have been used, as 98% oil of vitriol was not available) * Aqua Ragia/Spirit of turpentine/Oil of turpentine/Gum turpentine – turpentine, formed by the distillation of pine tree resin. * Aqua Regia (Latin: "royal water") – a mixture of aqua fortis and spirit of salt. * Aqua Tofani – arsenic trioxide. Extremely poisonous. AsO3 * Aqua vitae/Spirit of Wine – ethanol, formed by distilling wine * fulminating gold – unstable gold carbonate formed by precipitation by potash from gold dissolved in aqua regia. * Bismuth (German: Wismuth) * Blende * Blue Vitriol/Bluestone – A mineral; copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. * Brimstone – sulfur. : * Flowers of sulfur – formed by distilling sulfur. * Butter (or oil) of antimony – antimony trichloride. Formed by distilling roasted stibnite with corrosive sublimate, or dissolving stibnite in hot concentrated hydrochloric acid and distilling. SbCl3 * Cadmia/Tuttia/Tutty – probably zinc carbonate. * Calamine – zinc carbonate. * Calomel/Horn Quicksilver/horn mercury – mercury(I) chloride, a very poisonous purgative formed by subliming a mixture of mercuric chloride and metallic mercury, triturated in a mortar and heated in an iron pot. The crust formed on the lid was ground to powder and boiled with water to remove the calomel. * Caustic potash/Caustic Wood Alkali – potassium hydroxide, formed by adding lime to potash. * Caustic Soda/Caustic Marine Alkali – sodium hydroxide, formed by adding lime to natron. NaHCO3 * Caustic Volatile Alkali – ammonium hydroxide. * Chalk – a rock composed of porous biogenic calcium carbonate. CaCO3 * Chrome green – chromic oxide and cobalt oxide. * Chrome orange – chrome yellow and chrome red. * Chrome red – basic lead chromate – PbCrO4+PbO. * Chrome yellow/Paris Yellow/Leipzig Yellow – lead chromate – PbCrO4. * Cinnabar/Vermilion – refers to several substances, among them: mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), or native vermilion (the common ore of mercury). * Copper Glance – copper(I) sulfide ore. * Corrosive sublimate – mercuric chloride, formed by subliming mercury, calcined green vitriol, common salt and nitre. * Cuprite – copper(I) oxide ore. * Dutch White – a pigment, formed from one part of white lead to three of barium sulfate. BaSO4 * Flowers of antimony – antimony trioxide, formed by roasting stibnite at high temperature and condensing the white fumes that form. SbO3 * Fool's gold – a mineral; iron disulfide or pyrite, can form oil of vitriol on contact with water and air. * Fulminating silver – silver nitride, formed by dissolving silver(I) oxide in ammonia. Very explosive when dry. * Fulminating gold – gold hydrazide, formed by adding ammonia to the auric hydroxide. When dry, can explode on concussion. * Galena – lead(II) sulfide. Lead ore. * Glass of antimony – impure antimony tetroxide, formed by roasting stibnite. A yellow pigment for glass and porcelain. SbO4 * Glauber's Salt – sodium sulfate. Na2SO4 * Green Vitriol – a mineral; iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate. (or ferrous sulfate) : * Marcasite – a mineral; iron disulfide. In moist air it turns into green vitriol, FeSO4 : * Rouge/Crocus/Colcothar – ferric oxide, formed by burning green vitriol in air. * Gum Arabic – gum from the Acacia tree. * Gypsum – a mineral; calcium sulfate. CaSO4 * Horn Silver/Argentum Cornu – a weathered form of chlorargyrite, an ore of silver chloride. : * Luna cornea – silver chloride, formed by heating horn silver till it liquifies and then cooling. * King's yellow – formed by mixing orpiment with white arsenic. * Lapis solaris (Bologna stone) – barium sulfide – 1603, Vincenzo Cascariolo * Lead fume – lead oxide, found in flues at lead smelters. * Lime/Quicklime (Burnt Lime)/Calx Viva/Unslaked Lime – calcium oxide, formed by calcining limestone. : * Slaked Lime – calcium hydroxide. Ca(OH)2 * Liver of sulfur – formed by fusing potash and sulfur. * Lunar caustic/lapis infernalis – silver nitrate, formed by dissolving silver in aqua fortis and evaporating. * Lye – potash in a water solution, formed by leaching wood ashes. : * Potash/Salt of tartar – potassium carbonate, formed by evaporating lye. K2CO3 : * Pearlash – formed by baking potash in a kiln. * Massicot – lead monoxide. PbO : * Litharge – lead monoxide, formed by fusing and powdering massicot. : * Minium/Red Lead – trilead tetroxide, formed by roasting litharge in air. Pb3O4 : * Naples yellow/Cassel yellow – oxychloride of lead, formed by heating litharge with sal ammoniac. * Mercurius praecipitatus – red mercuric oxide. * Milk of Sulfur (lac sulphuris) – formed by adding an acid to thion hudor (lime sulfur). * Mosaic Gold – stannic sulfide, formed by heating a mixture of tin filings, sulfur and sal-ammoniac. * Natron/Soda Ash/Soda – sodium carbonate. Na2CO3 * Nitrum Flammans – ammonium nitrate. * Oil of Vitriol/Spirit of Vitriol – sulfuric acid, a weak version can be formed by heating green vitriol and blue vitriol. H2SO4 * Orpiment – arsenic trisulfide, an ore of arsenic. * Pearl white – bismuth nitrate. BiNO3 * Philosophers' Wool/nix alba (white snow)/Zinc White – zinc oxide, formed by burning zinc in air, used as a pigment. * Plumbago – a mineral; graphite, not discovered in pure form until 1564. * Powder of Algaroth – antimonious oxychloride, formed by precipitation when a solution of butter of antimony and spirit of salt is poured into water. * Purple of Cassius – formed by precipitating a mixture of gold, stannous and stannic chlorides, with alkali. Used for glass coloring. * Realgar – arsenic disulfide, an ore of arsenic. * Regulus of antimony * Resin of copper – copper(I) chloride (cuprous chloride), formed by heating copper with corrosive sublimate. * Sal Ammoniac – ammonium chloride. * Sal Petrae (Med. Latin: "stone salt")/Salt of Petra/Saltpetre/Nitrate of potash – potassium nitrate, typically mined from covered dungheaps. KNO3 * Salt/Common salt – A mineral; sodium chloride, formed by evaporating seawater (impure form). NaCl * Spirit of box/Pyroxylic spirit – methanol, distillation of wood alcohol. CH3OH * Spirit of Hartshorn – ammonia, formed by the decomposition of sal-ammoniac by unslaked lime. * Salt of Hartshorn/Sal Volatile – ammonium carbonate formed by distilling bones and horns. * Spirit of Salt/Acidum Salis – the liquid form of hydrochloric acid (also called muriatic acid), formed by mixing common salt with oil of vitriol. : * Marine Acid Air – gaseous form of hydrochloric acid. * Spiritus fumans – stannic chloride, formed by distilling tin with corrosive sublimate. : * Tin salt – hydrated stannous chloride. : * Butter of tin – hydrated tin(IV) chloride. * Stibnite – antimony or antimony trisulfide, ore of antimony. * Sugar of Lead – lead acetate, formed by dissolving lead oxide in vinegar. * Sweet Vitriol – diethyl ether. * Thion Hudor – lime sulfur, formed by boiling flowers of sulfur with slaked lime. * Turpeth mineral – hydrolysed form of mercury(II) sulfate. * Verdigris – Carbonate of Copper or (more recently) copper(II) acetate. The carbonate is formed by weathering copper. The acetate is formed by vinegar acting on copper. One version was used as a green pigment. * White arsenic – arsenious oxide, formed by subliminating arsenical soot from the roasting ovens. * White lead – carbonate of lead, a toxic pigment, produced by corroding stacks of lead plates with dilute vinegar beneath a heap of moistened wood shavings. (replaced by blanc fixe & lithopone) * White vitriol – zinc sulfate, formed by lixiviating roasted zinc blende. * Venetian White – formed from equal parts of white lead and barium sulfate. * Zaffre – impure cobalt arsenate, formed after roasting cobalt ore. * Zinc Blende – zinc sulfide. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of alchemical substances」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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